Mouth Yeast Infection
Most mouth yeast infections are treatable and result in minimal complications such as redness, itching and discomfort, though complication may be severe or fatal if left untreated in certain populations.
In immunocompetent persons, yeast infections is usually a very localized infection of the skin or mucosal membranes, including the oral cavity (thrush), the pharynx or esophagus, the gastrointestinal tract, the urinary bladder, or the genitalia.
Candidiasis is a very common cause of vaginal irritation, or vaginitis, and can also occur on the male genitals.
In immunocompromised patients, Candida infections can affect the esophagus with the potential of becoming systemic, causing a much more serious condition, a fungemia called candidemia.
Children, mostly between the ages of three and nine years of age, can be affected by chronic mouth yeast infections, normally seen around the mouth as white patches. However, this is not a common condition.
Causes
Oral candidiasis on the tongue and soft palate. Candida yeasts are commonly present in humans.
Their growth is commonly limited by the human immune system and by other microorganisms, such as bacteria occupying the same locations (niches) in the human body.
In a study of 1009 women in New Zealand, these women were isolated from the vaginas of 19 % of apparently healthy women, i.e., those that experienced few or no symptoms of infection.
External use of detergents or douches or internal disturbances (hormonal or physiological) can perturb the normal vaginal flora, consisting of lactic acid bacteria, such as lactobacilli, and result in an overgrowth of Candida cells causing symptoms of infection, such as local inflammation.
Pregnancy and the use of oral contraceptives have been reported as risk factors, while the roles of engaging in vaginal sex immediately and without cleansing after anal sex and using lubricants containing glycerin remain controversial.
Diabetes mellitus and the use of anti-bacterial antibiotics are also linked to an increased incidence of yeast infections.
Diet has been found to affect rates of symptomatic Candidiases in some animal infection models, and hormone replacement therapy and infertility treatments may also be predisposing factors.
A weakened or undeveloped immune system or metabolic illnesses such as diabetes are significant predisposing factors of candidiasis.
Diseases or conditions linked to candidiasis include HIV/AIDS, mononucleosis, cancer treatments, steroids, stress, and nutrient deficiency.
Almost 15% of people with weakened immune systems develop a systemic illness caused by Candida species. In extreme cases, these superficial infections of the skin or mucous membranes may enter into the bloodstream and cause systemic Candida infections.
In penile candidiasis, the causes include sexual intercourse with an infected individual, low immunity, antibiotics, and diabetes.
Male genital yeast infection is less common, and incidence of infection is only a fraction of that in women; however, yeast infection on the penis from direct contact via sexual intercourse with an infected partner is not uncommon.
Symptoms
Symptoms include severe itching, burning, and soreness, irritation of the vagina and/or vulva, and a whitish or whitish-gray discharge, often with a curd-like appearance.
Many women mistake the symptoms of the more common bacterial vaginosis for a yeast infection.
In men, symptoms include red patchy sores near the head of the penis or on the foreskin, severe itching, and/or a burning sensation.
Candidiasis of the penis can also have a white discharge, although uncommon. However, having no symptoms at all is common, and usually, a more severe form of the symptoms may emerge later.
Diagnosis
Micrograph of esophageal candidiasis. Biopsy specimen; PAS stain. Medical professionals may use two primary methods to diagnose yeast infections: microscopic examination and culturing.
For identification by light microscopy, a scraping or swab of the affected area is placed on a microscope slide.
A single drop of 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution is then added to the specimen. The KOH dissolves the skin cells but leaves the Candida cells intact, permitting visualization of hyphae and yeast cells typical of many Candida species.
For the culturing method, a sterile swab is rubbed on the infected skin surface. The swab is then streaked on a culture medium.
The culture is incubated at 37 °C for several days, to allow development of yeast or bacterial colonies. The characteristics (such as morphology and colour) of the colonies may allow initial diagnosis of the organism that is causing disease symptoms.
Treatment
Candida species are frequently part of the human body’s normal oral and intestinal flora. Treatment with antibiotics can lead to eliminating the yeast’s natural competitors for resources, and increase the severity of the condition.
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